training for priests, scribes, court officials, Levitical preachers, and civil administrators. Lemaire argues for an elementary school system extending even to outlying fortresses such as Arad, Kadesh Barnea, and Kuntilat Ajrud, and for advanced specialized education in the capitals and large regional centers. Although Lang and Crenshaw adopt a minimalist position, maintaining the prevalence of less formal elementary education (through parental instruction or apprenticeship of children to independent